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What is a condom and how does it work?

The male condom is a sheath that is worn over the penis during intercourse. It prevents pregnancy by acting as a barrier and preventing the male semen is poured into the vagina and the sperm can penetrate the egg and fertilize it. Condoms reduce the chances of women and men from contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. There are dozens of shapes, textures and styles of condoms to choose from, some more effective than others. Condoms can be latex, polyurethane or lambskin (natural). May or may not lubricated. Some contain spermicides, others not. It is best not to use condoms with spermicide.

Does it matter what kind of condom use?

Yes, the better the latex. Provides the best protection, both for pregnancy and for sexually transmitted diseases. If you are allergic to latex, the polyurethane is a good way. They provide the same protection against pregnancy and some protection against STDs, but they break or slip more often than latex. The natural preservatives or lambskin, are effective against preventing pregnancy, but are not effective for preventing STDs. It's a personal decision to use condoms lubricated or not, but most teenagers prefer them lubricated.

How effective is the condom on birth control?

If women use condoms for each sexual intercourse and follow instructions ever, its effectiveness is 97%. Ie it should always be used during any sexual relationship and not just at the time of ejaculation. This means that if 100 women use the male condom correctly all the time, 3 women become pregnant within 1 year.

is obvious that if the male is most effective preservative against fertility when used all the time and always correctly. If women used the masculine preservative, but not fully used, the effectiveness drops to 86%. This means that if 100 women used the masculine preservative, but do not use it perfectly every time, at least 12 women become pregnant in a year.

Most failures of this method is inappropriate use. The use of condoms due, is due to higher rate of rupture.

How effective is the condom in preventing STDs?

The answer to this question depends on what kind of condom use. Latex condoms provide excellent protection against STDs. Polyurethane condoms, provide some protection against STDs, although it is unclear how effective they are. It is important to remember that natural lamb condoms do not protect against STDs.

The answer to this question depends on which type of STD we are talking. Latex condoms are effective against STDs that are in the fluids (blood or semen) such as HIV / AIDS, hepatitis, chlamydia and gonorrhea. Condoms are much less effective against STDs caused by organisms that live in inflamed lesions or genital mucosal ulceration, such as syphilis, herpes and human papilloma virus (also called genital warts.)

Where should I store unused condoms?

We must keep in dry, low light and at room temperature. Extreme cold or heat weakens the material. Sunlight or moisture may cause greater number of breaks or tears. Condoms should not be carried in a wallet or put in the car glove compartment, for more than two weeks because the material will weaken and be more prone to tearing or breaking.

How long do condoms are kept in proper condition?

always check the expiration date of the box. Some are marked with the date of manufacture. You can use a condom until four years after the date of manufacture. Other condoms are marked with the date of expiry. Do not use beyond the expiration date indicated on the label. If you are unsure of the expiration date of the condom, throw it away and use a new one. Never use a condom that is fragile, brittle, damaged or unusual color.

How to use a condom?

First use a new condom every time you have vaginal, anal or oral sex. Be careful when you open a packet of condoms will not break or tear the latex with your teeth, fingernails or rings. Do not unroll the condom before putting it on the penis, because it can weaken the latex and deteriorate at the same time and make it dangerous to use. You can put the condom or put it to the man himself.

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Gently press the top air condom before placing on the penis. Be sure to have left an inch of space at the bottom of the condom to collect semen, so it will not be drained by the lateral side thereof. You can use water-based lubricants (such as glycerine or jelly) during sex to prevent condom breakage. If you put a drop of lubricating jelly into the bottom of condoms can increase the feeling at the same time to increase security.

Never use an oil based lubricant, it will weaken the condom and make it more prone to breaking. Example of oil-based lubricants are lotions, petroleum jelly or baby oil. The medications to treat fungal infections in women, often lead to rupture.

Hold the tip of the condom between your thumb and forefinger and place it on the head of the penis. If the penis is not circumcised, pull back the foreskin before putting the condom on him. Remove excess air to prevent the condom burst. Put the condom when the penis is erectile. Unroll the entire length of the penis erection.

After the man has ejaculated, you must remove it when the penis is still erectile as the condom can easily slip when it is flaccid. He should hold the condom on the penis while withdrawing from the vagina to avoid spilling the semen. Gently roll the condom down to the tip of the penis to remove.

What to do with a used condom?

should wrap the used condom and throw it in a waste basket. Do not flush down the toilet, it can clog the pipe. Condoms can not be used twice, so use one for each sex and then discarding it.

What if the condom breaks or tears?

First Do not despair! The penis should be withdrawn immediately. (If you are going to continue the sexual relationship, use a condom again.) Contraceptive jelly or foam should be placed in the vagina and the woman must not take douche. Douching can cause infections. If you are concerned about pregnancy or STDs, consult your doctor or health assistant. You should think about making emergency contraception.

How often do condoms break?

Condoms rarely break if they are well stored and used correctly. Studies show that the latex, are broken only about 0.4% (4 in 1000) and polyurethane break 4% (4 out of 100). Couples using polyurethane are 9 times more likely to rupture than those using latex condoms. When condoms break, usually it is because it left room for the semen at the bottom of it, or had expired, or were exposed to sunlight or heat, or were torn by teeth or fingernails. Also undermines the use of oil-based lubricants water based instead, causing it to rupture. If the condom is stored and used correctly, it is very difficult to break.

What if the condom comes out and can not be extracted from the vagina?

not panic! Try to reach with your finger and remove it from the vagina, otherwise contact your doctor or health assistant and ask for a consultation.

What if my partner or I have an allergic reaction to condom use?

Some people may have allergic reactions to condoms. This may be due to the spermicide or latex. Try a free spermicide, which is recommended as well. If you think that may be responsible for latex allergy, you should use a male or female condoms made of polyurethane. Talk to your doctor or health assistant from any doubt. Check www.condomania.com for more information on condoms!

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DIAPHRAGMS

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What is a diaphragm?

The diaphragm is a soft rubber dome-shaped, with a flexible rim. Forms a barrier that stops the sperm, so that this does not reach the cervix, and thus prevents pregnancy. Always used with cream or gel. The gel has a label that says it should only be used with the diaphragm. The dome covering the neck, so that the spermicide gel placed in the dome covers the cervix.

Where I can buy a diaphragm?

If you use a diaphragm should ask your health care agent will take the measure of diaphragm you need. The diaphragm is obtained by prescription. It costs between 25 and 45 dollars. The gel or cream is obtained in the cash registers in supermarkets or pharmacies.

How does the diaphragm?

diaphragm can be placed just before intercourse or two hours before the meeting. Wash hands before. Before inserting the diaphragm into the vagina, should cover the inner dome and the rim with two spoons of spermicidal cream or gel. Insert the diaphragm into the vagina, as the health worker taught him. Confirm that you are in the right place inside the vagina. Should be over your neck and the ring should be below the pubic bone.

not remove the diaphragm up to 6 hours after intercourse. If you have sex again before the time you should remove it, it should not take. Instead, place the applicator into the vagina filled with spermicidal cream, and do not touch the diaphragm. Do not leave the diaphragm for more than 24 hours after sexual intercourse (It is better to withdraw before 12 hours).

Wash your hands before removing the diaphragm. Remove engaging with the ring finger underneath and gently pulling out. Wash the diaphragm with warm water and soap, then dry. Place it in your bag and leave it there until you need it again.

should not use the diaphragm during your period. In that case use a condom.

How effective is the diaphragm to prevent pregnancy?

If women use the diaphragm every time you hold a sexual relationship and follow the instructions provided, is 94% effective. That means that if 100 women use the diaphragm every time and all times properly, 6 will become pregnant within a year. If a woman uses it incorrectly, is 80% effective. That means that women use the diaphragm si100, 20 women will become pregnant each year.

Is the diaphragm protects against sexually transmitted diseases?

is best to use condoms to prevent STDs and HIV.

When do I need to buy a new diaphragm?

Yes I need to change at least every 2 years. You should also buy a new one: if you have won more than 10 pounds has had a baby, or if the diaphragm does not fit. Discuss this with your health care, and if necessary he or she will measure one.

Do you have any problems using the diaphragm?

The diaphragm can be used alternately or disorderly. Some women may be allergic to the material of the diaphragm or spermicide used with it. Other women have frequent episodes of urinary tract infections.

What if I have problems with the diaphragm?

If you have difficulty using the diaphragm, call your health care. You should call your agent, in the following cases:

· pain or discomfort when the diaphragm is placed

· your partner discomfort during sexual intercourse

· Burning vaginal

· swelling or redness around your vagina

· Frequent urinary tract infections

· smelly vaginal discharge or heavier than usual

Can any woman use diaphragm?

No. If you are allergic to latex or have abnormalities in the format of the vagina (congenital malformations or acquired after surgery) can not use the diaphragm. If you have frequent urinary tract infections using the diaphragm, you should contact your health care provider and seek another contraceptive method.

Should I use another method of contraception with the diaphragm?

should always use spermicidal cream or gel, which corresponds to the diaphragm. It's a good idea to use the male condom when using the diaphragm. This will increase their effectiveness and protect you from STDs.

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MALE CONTRACEPTION NATURAL CAPSULES

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What is natural birth control?

natural contraception, also called the rhythm method, implies that one should not have sexual relations during the ovulatory menstrual cycle of women (this is the time in which the ovary eliminates the egg and the woman is fertile). It is then easier to get pregnant. The natural contraception method is the most accepted by all religions.

How is natural contraception plan?

diagnosis is required when the ovary is ovulating. This is when you remove the egg, this happens once a month. A woman can get pregnant a few days before or after ovulation. Sperm can live 5 days and 24 hours the egg. This indicates that even if you have intercourse a day that is not ovulating, you can still get pregnant, 5 days after ovulation and sperm are still alive. Or if you have ovulated and have sex the day after, can you get pregnant, because that egg is alive and can be fertilized. So as not to have sex a few days before and after ovulation.

ovulation should be detected by one or by several methods. The methods of diagnosing ovulation can be: a) observation of basal body temperature (taking the temperature first thing in the morning without moving in bed), b) changes in cervical mucus (it becomes transparent and ropy) and c) peak detection of LH (the hormone that starts ovulation).

There are even handheld computers that help detect ovulation. It must keep track of menstrual periods. When it has detected that you are ovulating, you should not have intercourse during the fertile time.

How effective is natural family planning method?

If a woman uses the method of natural family planning, every time you have sex and follow the instructions provided (always detect ovulation and abstaining from sex during that period) is 91-98 % effective. That means that if 100 women use natural family planning method all the time and do it right, 2 of 100 women will become pregnant within 1 year.

The perfect use hardly ever happens, and there's the rub. Should be diagnosed monthly ovulation, because the periods and the date of ovulation vary from one cycle to another. This is truly difficult. If a woman uses natural method, but it takes into account all the while maintaining sexual relations is 76% effective. This means that if 100 women use natural family planning method, 24 women become pregnant each year.

High rates of errors occur when using the method of natural family planning cycles are irregular. These are much more common in adolescents. Even a disease can change the basal body temperature and vaginal infection alter the characteristics of cervical mucus. The natural family planning method does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. If this theme is concerned it does not maintain a stable and monogamous relationship, you should use a complementary method to cover you from sexually transmitted diseases (condom).

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Withdrawal also CERVICAL

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What are cervical caps?

The cervical cap is a soft rubber ring round shape with a final round. The ring firmly holding the base of the neck. The capsule forms a physical barrier to stop sperm and it does not reach the cervix, thus preventing pregnancy. The spermicide gel is always used with the cervical cap to kill or paralyze sperm.

Where I can get the cervical cap?

The health worker will take the measure of cervical cap, so you need a prescription to buy it. The cost is 25-50 dollars. Spermicidal cream or gel can be purchased at the register from any supermarket or pharmacy.

How do I use the cervical cap?

the cervical cap can place several hours before intercourse. You should not use it, when the menstrual period.

First evacuate your bladder and wash your hands. Search with two fingers at your cervix. Feel with the consistency of the tip of the nose. Lie down or standing with one leg on a low bench to find the neck. Once he found the neck, filled with spermicidal gel cervical capsule, to 1 / 3 of it. Do not place anything over the hoop gel capsule. Hold the dish with two fingers of one hand and bend it until the dome is collapsed. With your other hand separate the labia and push the capsule in the back of the vagina, as far as I can navigate. Use your finger to locate your neck and press the rim of the capsule around the neck. The rim of the capsule should completely cover the neck. Check the capsule. Check to be sure, with your index and middle finger, no space between the rim of the capsule and neck. Make sure the neck is completely covered. The dome should be covered lightly with some depression. If you put it on the neck, in the right place, the dome will create a suction between the rim of the capsule and neck. You must press gently to seal the capsule to the neck. Then turn the capsule fifteen degrees to increase the suction.

After 30 minutes, check again to make sure the suction is good, and no space between the rim and neck. When the capsule is in place, you can have safe sex for 48 hours, no matter how you have sex in that time. Unlike the diaphragm, you do not need to put more spermicide if you want to keep more sex. Anyway, the first two months of starting use positioning should ensure spermicide gel outside the capsule, as if there are changes of position or relationship. You must place the cream or gel with an applicator, outside the capsule, without moving.

should check that the capsule is in place after each sexual intercourse.

How do I remove the capsule?

Let

capsule at least 8 hours after intercourse. Should not keep it in place over 48 hours. Before removing it, wash your hands. Remove the dish using your index finger and placing it under the rim of the capsule. Remove the ring with the index finger to break the suction between the cervix and the capsule. Gently push the cartridge toward you to remove it from the vagina.

Turn the capsule and use soap and warm water without detergent. Capsule dry well and store it in the box. Keep at room temperature.

How effective is the cervical cap to prevent pregnancy?

If women use the cervical cap all the time, and follow the instructions exactly, is a 94% effective. This means that if 100 women use the cervical cap all the time and do it correctly, 6 women will become pregnant within a year.

If a woman does not use well, is 82% effective. This means that if 100 women use the cervical cap, 18 women a year become pregnant.

Does it protect the cervical cap of sexually transmitted diseases?

is best to use condoms to prevent STDs and HIV.

Is there a problem with the use of cervical caps?

Sometimes, the cervical cap moves from its place during intercourse. Also, some women are allergic to the material of the capsule, or spermicidal gel. Some women report odor. The cervical cap may cause changes in cervical cells, so you must remove a smear 3 months after beginning its use. Must do a pelvic examination once a year and check the damage or destruction of the capsule.

Should I change the cervical cap?

If I buy a new capsule frequently. After the birth of a child, or if you notice that the capsule does not conform to the neck, you must purchase a new one. Meet with your health care, and discuss this with him or her.

Can all women use cervical caps?

No. If you have abnormal Pap smear, known or suspected to have cervical cancer or uterine cancer or has a capsule size fits correctly, you can not use this method. Nor can use if you have recurrent cervical infection or are allergic to latex.

Should I use another method with the cervical cap?

Until you are sure the charger correctly placed (usually a week or a month), use a complementary method. Always use spermicidal gel or cream, which are shown to complement the dish. It's a good idea to use the male condom complementing the cervical cap. This will increase the effectiveness and decrease the chance of contract an STD. Discuss with your health care provider how to use a method of emergency, if the capsule is moved from its place in sexual intercourse.

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Emergency Contraception

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What is emergency contraception?

Emergency contraception is treatment to prevent pregnancy in adolescent girls and adult women who have had sex without protection. This method is sometimes called " The Morning After Pill ," but can be used within 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected sex. Emergency contraception is most effective at the sooner you take it after having unprotected sex.

How does emergency contraception?

Emergency contraception uses a high dose of birth control pills that give a strong and short burst of hormones. This disrupts the hormonal cycle that your body requires to get pregnant.

How do you take emergency contraception?

There are two types of emergency contraceptive pills use hormone:

The first type uses only one hormone, progestin, which is contained in a pill for birth control, especially that called "mini-pill." Plan B treatment consists of 2 doses taken 12 hours apart. Taking both pills at the same time also is effective. The medication is taken between the first 120 hours (5 days) after having unprotected sex but is most effective if taken before.

The second type uses two hormones, estrogen and progestin, which are contained in tablets for birth control. Treatment consists of 2 doses. The first dose (2, 4 or 5 pills, depending on the type of microchip) is taken within 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected sex, and the second dose (2, 4, or 5 birth control pills) are taken 12 hours after the first dose.

How effective is emergency contraception?

is important to remember that emergency contraception does not always work. No guarantee that the pregnancy is prevented. Emergency contraception reduces the risk of pregnancy by 75-88%. The risk of pregnancy depends on the stage of your menstrual cycle you are when you have sex and the method takes to consideration. It is more likely to get pregnant during ovulation, when the ovary releases a mature egg. Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after your period starts. The best way to prevent pregnancy is to use a regular method of birth control such as condoms or no sex.

"Where I can get emergency contraception?

In the United States, emergency contraception available to women who are 18 years or older, from a pharmacy without a prescription. For adolescents, emergency contraception requires a prescription depending on the state, some states have a special program that allows faramaceuticos giving medication. A woman may have to check several pharmacies and unfortunately, emergency contraception is not available in all pharmacies. used the emergency contraception website http://ec.princeton.edu/indice.html to locate a doctor or a pharmacy or call toll free 1-888-NOT-2-LATE if you have any questions about emergency contraception. Before taking emergency contraception, your provider will need to know:
- The first day of your last menstrual period

- The date and exact time of unprotected sex

- Types of methods of birth control you used in the past, and when
Emergency contraception does not work if you're pregnant. Emergency contraception does not cause an abortion.

Are there side effects of emergency contraception?

Yes Possible side effects of hormones of emergency contraception include nausea and vomiting, congestion of the mammary gland, dizziness or headache. Side effects are much less common with Plan B, the progestin hormone is the only contraceptive pill for emergencia.Una prevent nausea can be prescribed and taken one hour before each dose or you can use meclizine (Dramamine II or Bonine) sold without prescription.

"I can use emergency contraception as my regular method of birth control?

Emergency contraception should not be your regular method of birth control. It was created for emergency treatment at once. Emergency contraception can be used when a condom breaks, when your diaphragm or cervical cap your moves, after a sexual assault, or at any time sex occurs unprotected. You should not use emergency contraception as your only protection against pregnancy, since this method is much less effective than other forms. In addition, emergency contraception not protect against STDs.

When should I expect my next period after taking the emergency contraception?

Your period should begin within 7 to 9 days after treatment. Your next period can start a little earlier or a few days later than expected.

What if I have problems after taking emergency contraception?

If you have any problems after taking emergency contraception, you can contact your healthcare provider. Definitely you should contact your provider if you experience any of the following:

- Do not have your period

· - severe abdominal pain

· - Stained (small amount of blood in your underwear in the middle of your menstrual periods)

· - very limited menstrual period

· - Dizziness

Do I need to do more to prevent pregnancy after I took the emergency contraception?

Yes, you must talk with your health care provider about effective contraception. Also, avoid sex or use a barrier method like condoms consistently and correctly to the end of your next period menstrual.Tu health provider perhaps suggest you start contraceptive pills immediately after emergency contraception. See the section on control methods birth so you can start thinking about which method is best for you.

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BREASTFEEDING

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HIV is present in breast milk. Up to 29% mother-child transmissions occur continued breastfeeding by HIV-positive mothers. In Western countries there are alternatives to feed children, which is recommended for all HIV-positive mothers avoid giving the feeding. The benefits of breastfeeding, which are many, are overshadowed by the risk of transmission to the child.

In USA There are milk banks to administer to the children of women living in these banks is analyzed to see if tieneVIH milk and heat treated to preserve the nutritional benefits.

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WHAT TO DO DURING THE BIRTH?

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There is some controversy about what is the safest way to give birth in the case of HIV positive women. Caesarean section is a surgical procedure that can be risky, but also serves to reduce others. To perform a caesarean section to do a cut through the abdominal muscles and the uterus and remove the baby. Then you have to sew back the uterus and muscles.

can not give a categorical answer and only on what is the best way to give birth in patients seropositive for both mother and baby. The choice between vaginal delivery or elective cesarean is a matter of medical opinion and personal choice . With the proper precautions vaginal delivery is an option in most of the world.

both the vaginal delivery as Caesarean section baby no contact with the blood of the mother who is responsible for many cases of infection. The studies conducted so far are not conclusive when deciding which of the two methods is associated with a lower risk of transmission.

One option is to perform an elective caesarean , ie deciding the time of delivery is not expected to begin this naturally. This prevents the rupture of the membranes, which increases as said previously the risk of transmission. One study has shown that this type of caesarean section reduces the risk of transmission to reduce the baby's contact with the blood and vaginal secretions.

But this intervention also has its drawbacks : can cause bleeding, infection and other complications so not everyone agrees with subjecting all women with HIV to an elective caesarean section. On the other hand, some women with advanced HIV infection could not tolerate this type of intervention.

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There is no doubt that antiretroviral therapy is clearly beneficial for pregnant women. The risk of transmission to the baby is significantly reduced as ALL women pregnant should be treated with drugs that have action against human immunodeficiency virus.

However, today no treatment completely eliminates this risk and there is no way to diagnose the baby before birth. In addition, an unknown effect that many of the drugs used for AIDS may have on the developing fetus. Therefore, when making decisions about what to do should take into account the risk-benefit for the child and mother, taking into account the medicines you have taken the mother previously and if there is experience with drugs.

The only drug approved for use during pregnancy is the zidovudine (AZT) . This is given to the mother orally throughout pregnancy, intravenously during delivery and the newborn droplets during their first six weeks of life. The largest study done so far with this drug administered in three ways got decrease transmission by 25% to 8% without adversely affecting the development of children.

You have investigated other strategies, such as giving nevirapine to the mother during childbirth and infant in the early hours of life. The advantage is that it is cheap and can be used in developing countries. Can also be used in women who have been treated during pregnancy by not consulting or have discovered that they were HIV positive at the end of gestation. In cases where the mother is not treated during pregnancy or childbirth, the baby should be given right after birth, which will reduce the chance of infection.

Combining several drugs

The combination of drugs is far more effective to control HIV infection treatment with a single drug. This is true in all patients, and it should also be pregnant. Any doubts that may arise when taking a single drug (AZT or nevirapine) or more are based on the lack of studies to see if the combinations are harmful to the fetus.

Early use of combination therapy were reported some complications, preterm delivery rate or cerebral hemorrhage. The combination AZT, 3TC and indinavir appeared to be more frequently involved in these problems, but it is unclear to what extent drugs were responsible for complications or there were other factors.

Later, with the exception of efavirenz (Sustiva), no birth defects have been identified that can be attributed to the use of drugs against HIV in humans or animals. In animal studies, efavirenz caused severe brain damage , so its use should be avoided during pregnancy.

As hyperbilirubinemia (the increase in the blood of bilirubin, a pigment produced in the liver) of pregnant women may harm the developing fetus, it is advisable to monitor patients taking protease inhibitors , since these drugs may increase the bilirubin in the blood.

As summary we can say that you can not give any absolute guarantee pregnant women, so the decision should be made individually. is important that the doctor and the mother decided to form consesuada .

WHEN TO START?

In the first quarter , the risk of infection is relatively low and the chances of producing drugs are major problems. Therefore, if There is no medical emergency (eg an infection difficult to control if not increase the defenses of the mother) can be beneficial to delay the start until week 12-14 of pregnancy. If the pregnant woman wants to start treatment immediately to reduce the risk of infection should not be denied this option.

When the woman learns she is HIV positive after the first trimester is advisable to begin treatment immediately . Even in later stages of pregnancy (Allas of the week 36), the therapy has proved useful, reducing the risk of infection to the child

. WHAT IF ALREADY TAKING ANTIRETROVIRAL?

With pregnant women are already taking an anti-HIV therapy is to decide whether to continue or discontinue treatment during the first quarter . Therapy was discontinued at this stage to allow normal development of the baby's organs, and can cause the mother mpeoramiento with increased viral load, which can lead to an increased risk of infection. Keep it could increase the likelihood of occurrence malformations .

Usually most experts agree that if the mother's situation is stable should maintain the treatment throughout pregnancy . When the mother does not want for fear of the possible effects on the fetus can make a 'therapeutic holidays' during the first quarter. In case of withdrawal of treatment should be discontinued all medications at once, and when reitroduzcan start all at the same time.

Sometimes the withdrawal of treatment in the first quarter arises for other reasons: the morning sickness. Some pregnant women vomit often in the morning and do not tolerate medication or are unsure of compliance siel being adequate for the vomiting. In such cases, a complete suspension best treatment to take it the wrong way, which could increase the risk of the virus becoming resistant and spreading to the child.

WHAT IF THE MOTHER HAS BEEN TRATAMIETNO NO DURING PREGNANCY?

In this case there is a high risk and can assess the baby treatment with AZT and 3TC, as little is known doses of both drugs in the neonatal period. Another option would be the treatment with nevirapine , given the excellent results he has had in some studies. Can study the possibility of adding a dose of this drug in the first hours of life and a second at 72 hours, a measure that is able to maintain the drug concentration for a week. In the postpartum assess the status of the mother and the need to initiate treatment. Some authors recommend combination treatment for the newborn, especially if the mother virus resistant to treatment

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TREATMENT DURING PREGNANCY PRENATAL CARE IN AN HIV + pregnant women

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The care received during pregnancy is called prenatal care, it should advise women about their status. In the case of HIV positive pregnant women is important to consider all aspects of the disease, medication and studies to be made during the period of gestation. It is also important that pregnant women have notions about the changes in nutrition, exercise and lifestyle, as with all pregnant women.

The first three months are particularly important for development is the period of the organs of the child. A stage in which infections, drugs or exposure to harmful agents can alter it.

The HIV-positive pregnant shares many things with uninfected in terms of care needs, but also presnt some peculiarities that need your doctor is familiar. In many hospitals there are units for the care of these patients, where infectious disease specialists working with gynecologists. Medication and studies that are made these patients may be 'outsiders' to a gynecologist, so it is recommended that monitoring be done by whoever is accustomed. On the other hand, may not know the infectious disease in gynecology and ignore special care during pregnancy, different from HIV infection. The mixed units attempted to remedy the "deficiencies" each contributing specialized knowledge of their subject.

CARE QUARTERLY

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TRANSMISSION OF HIV TO AIDS and pregnancy BABY

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There are different elements that influence the spread of HIV from mother to child. On the other hand some others, such as how the mother acquired the disease or seropositivity or not the couple have no influence on the risk of contagion. Among the factors that most influence the risk of transmission is the general health of the mother, the degree of infection you have (if the immunosuppression is severe, ie if your defenses are low or if your viral load is very high). The drug during pregnancy, having access to prenatal care, the treatment they receive or the existence of other diseases during pregnancy may also play a role.

The type of birth (if water breaks long before giving birth, or if the baby has a lot of contact with the blood) or feeding a child then also affect the chances that the baby is or is not infection.
Of these factors the health of the mother is possibly the most influential factor in the risk of HIV transmission. As discussed, when the CD4 + are very low or very high viral load the greater the risk. Very undernourished women have a higher risk of transmitting infection.

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There is no evidence that pregnancy, by itself, change the course of HIV disease. Similarly, the infection does not appear to change the way the pregnancy develops normally. However, if there are serious opportunistic infections during pregnancy they themselves can affect the course or prognosis of the baby. Finally, HIV does not appear to affect fetal development. None reported fetal malformations or other complications associated with this infection.

usually monitor women will be HIV positive during pregnancy, similar to other women, which are added Specific tests for the disease. We must take into account the peculiarities :

• The invasive tests such as amniocentesis (the introduction of a needle into the abdomen to reach the uterus and take samples of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus, and allows us to determine the incidence of fetal malformations) may increase the risk of infection to the baby. Therefore, it should evaluate much of the risk / benefit to this test. The physician should clearly explain to the patient the chance of malformation exists and to what extent it is necessary to perform this test or there are other alternatives. In some cases it is desirable and will become, with a possible increased risk of infant infection.

• With the rest of invasive tests like blood umbilical cord or placenta samples same thing happens, so you have to make an accurate assessment of its indication.

• The rupture of the amniotic sac increases the risk of contagion. Should be avoided at the time of delivery. If it breaks early, you have to provoke a maximum of 4 hours.

When necessary tests done before we recommend an assessment of the mother's viral load is high and if you start treatment before being carried out to reduce the amount of virus that can pass the child. In general ANY of these tests is completely counter , but should be more rigorous in its indication in patients with HIV than in those who are not.

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HIV / Sisa as sexually transmitted disease STD

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What are HIV and AIDS?

AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). HIV attacks the immune system body, primarily the white blood cells (T lymphocytes). Your immune system is what fights infection to keep your body healthy. White blood cells play a key role in protecting a person from illness. When your immune system is under attack, can not protect your body from infection and you can get sick easily. Your body runs a high risk of many diseases. Accordingly, virtually any symptom is possible when you have HIV.

When people with HIV contract serious diseases, it is said that with AIDS. Not all people with HIV get AIDS. AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection. People with AIDS can die from an infection or cancer, and need to take medication to strengthen her immune system. The immune system of these people are too weak to fight disease and contract diseases such individuals do not really affect other people. One such disease is Kaposi sarcoma, a rare type of skin cancer. Another is a type of pneumonia called Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (commonly known by its initials in English: PCP).

Who can get HIV / AIDS?

Any person is at risk of contracting HIV / AIDS, but people who have sex and / or share needles and syringes with an infected person are more likely to contract HIV. Babies can be born with the virus if their mother is infected. Become infected when receiving an infected blood transfusion, but the risk of this is very, very low, since all donated blood is tested to see if it contains HIV.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is transmitted from an infected person to another through vaginal intercourse, oral and anal sex. Can also be transmitted using injectable drugs and sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. HIV can be transmitted from a pregnant woman is infected to her baby before or during childbirth and breastfeeding. HIV is found in and can be transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk. In saliva, tears and urine are very small amounts of HIV. But the risk that HIV can be transmitted through the last 3 body fluids is very, very low because the amount of virus they contain is so small.

There are only 3 main ways in which HIV can be transmitted:

· Through infected sexual fluids

· Through infected blood or infected blood products

· From an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy and childbirth

HIV is not transmitted to touching, hugging or shaking hands with an infected person. not be spread by coughing, sneezing, dry kissing, sharing cups and plates, or toilets or touching doorknobs. Pets and stinging insects such as mosquitoes, not transmit the virus. HIV is transmitted not to donate blood. This is because for each donor used a new needle and, therefore, never comes in contact with the blood of another person.

What are the symptoms of HIV / AIDS?

Some people get sick within 6 weeks after infection with HIV, with the following symptoms:

· Fever

· Headache

· Swollen glands

· Fatigue

· aching joints and muscles

· Sore throat

However, Most people with HIV have no symptoms for years.

When people with HIV contract a serious disease, is said to have AIDS. People with AIDS can have any of the following symptoms:

· fever that lasts more than a month

· Weight Loss

· extreme tiredness

· Diarrhea for more than 1 month

· enlarged lymph nodes

· Lack of clarity in thinking

· Loss of sense of balance

What should I do if I think I have HIV or AIDS?

If you think you have contracted HIV / AIDS or if you have symptoms, see your health care provider immediately. The sooner you get tested and treated, the better. If you receive treatment can slow the progression of infection HIV and even prevent them from developing AIDS.

What happens to my (s) partner (s / as) of sex?

If you've been exposed to HIV, then you have to tell all your friends (as) sexual intercourse or any person with whom you shared needles or syringes, that they may be exposed. If necessary, try to get tested and treated. If you think you can not tell these people, then talk to your health care provider. The health care providers have ways to inform people who may have been exposed.

How is HIV diagnosed?

Through a simple blood test, called test for HIV antibodies, you can determine if you are infected with HIV. Your body reacts by producing antibodies to HIV within a period 2 to 8 weeks after exposure. The test shows if you have these antibodies in the blood. If you have, it means you are infected with HIV. You may get a negative result despite being infected with HIV because HIV antibodies can than 12 weeks or longer to appear. Therefore, if you get a negative test result, you'll need to make a follow-up to make sure that you are not infected with HIV.

How is HIV / AIDS?

There is currently no cure for HIV infection or AIDS. The virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. Investigators are trying to find a drug to cure HIV / AIDS. Have created many drugs that help treat HIV / AIDS, but not a cure. Your health care provider may also suggest other treatments to slow HIV disease progression, such as following a healthy diet, exercising and reducing stress.

How long does HIV become AIDS?

People with HIV usually can remain very healthy for many years after they have been infected. The virus slowly attacks the immune system and, at a given point, can progress to AIDS. However, avoiding infections, treating infections early, getting enough exercise, eating a healthy diet and following a healthy lifestyle, can reduce las posibilidades de que el VIH se convierta en SIDA.

Un 30% de las personas con VIH desarrolla SIDA dentro de los 5 años. Esto significa que contraen una enfermedad seria, como cáncer o neumonía, dentro de los 5 años. Algunas personas sólo desarrollan síntomas leves dentro de estos 5 años, como ganglios inflamados, diarrea, fiebre y pérdida de peso. Aproximadamente un 50% de las personas con VIH desarrolla SIDA dentro de los 10 años de haberse infectado con VIH.

¿Cómo puedo evitar infectarme with HIV?

The best way to avoid HIV infection is not having sex. If you decide to have sex, you should follow safer practices. You have to have sex with one person and that person has to have sex only with you and should not have any sexually transmitted disease. Be sure to use a condom correctly every time you have vaginal intercourse, anal or oral sex.

Also, do not use anything perforarte skin unless you are sure it is completely sterilized. You should not share personal items with an infected person, such as razors and toothbrushes, as they may contain blood.