A oday, proliferate, the concepts of 'changing times', 'transition time', 'changing times'. Proliferate the notions of 'order', 'post', 'inter', 'multi'. As the end of colonialism, the end of underdevelopment, the collapse of ideologies, or the end of history, the Age of Aquarius, or the new age. These concepts, real or not, give us an idea of \u200b\u200bhow we perceive today's society.
You might think that this is a mistake. A mistake that has been the result of poor assimilation of the acceleration of communications and the impact of technical development. However, we have reason to even think that there are thinkers who identify with a perspective called postmodernism, which could well serve as a framework for interpreting social facts which so far had no explanation. Jean Francois Lyotard
, considered one of the masters of the subject notes that modernity is dead, that the idea and project of modernity, with its goals of freedom, socialism, and egalitarianism have been destroyed, or rather, replaced by market success. Consequently, it is the failure of universal history, understood that as the total story of mankind and all its emancipatory narratives.
Moreover, noted the failure of the idea of \u200b\u200bpeople as king from history, as the basis of popular sovereignty and neo-capitalism would not be just another totalitarianism, only that it does not seek legitimacy, it is not metaphysical but empirical pragmatist.
Problem
been a long time already since the first criticisms were made early modernist writers and artists at the beginning of the century. In those days it was feared greatly to the horrors of war.
present, and accepted the Modernist paradigm as a necessary stage in the development of societies emerging thinkers complaint manifest as phenomena that affect Western culture as we know it. Thus, the advent of modernity not only integrates a form of political and economic organization, but also implies a 'lifestyle' characteristics, a reassessment of things, and new ideals of man. We speak of a man humanist, progressive, urban, and individualistic.
The postmodern perspective is presented as a conservative alternative to the modernist principles, as to reveal or report the products of the current social order.
Postmodernism is a set of propositions and complaints about the current state of society. Complaint products and consequences of 'modern project', while expressing the unfettered consolidation of a neo-capitalist economic model liberal and multicultural. Consequently, she is not a theoretical proposition, nor is it a new model of ideal or utopian society. If unveiled a current reality, which serves as a framework for iterpretar certain social phenomena.
You might think that this is a mistake. A mistake that has been the result of poor assimilation of the acceleration of communications and the impact of technical development. However, we have reason to even think that there are thinkers who identify with a perspective called postmodernism, which could well serve as a framework for interpreting social facts which so far had no explanation. Jean Francois Lyotard
, considered one of the masters of the subject notes that modernity is dead, that the idea and project of modernity, with its goals of freedom, socialism, and egalitarianism have been destroyed, or rather, replaced by market success. Consequently, it is the failure of universal history, understood that as the total story of mankind and all its emancipatory narratives.
Moreover, noted the failure of the idea of \u200b\u200bpeople as king from history, as the basis of popular sovereignty and neo-capitalism would not be just another totalitarianism, only that it does not seek legitimacy, it is not metaphysical but empirical pragmatist.
Problem
been a long time already since the first criticisms were made early modernist writers and artists at the beginning of the century. In those days it was feared greatly to the horrors of war.
present, and accepted the Modernist paradigm as a necessary stage in the development of societies emerging thinkers complaint manifest as phenomena that affect Western culture as we know it. Thus, the advent of modernity not only integrates a form of political and economic organization, but also implies a 'lifestyle' characteristics, a reassessment of things, and new ideals of man. We speak of a man humanist, progressive, urban, and individualistic.
The postmodern perspective is presented as a conservative alternative to the modernist principles, as to reveal or report the products of the current social order.
Postmodernism is a set of propositions and complaints about the current state of society. Complaint products and consequences of 'modern project', while expressing the unfettered consolidation of a neo-capitalist economic model liberal and multicultural. Consequently, she is not a theoretical proposition, nor is it a new model of ideal or utopian society. If unveiled a current reality, which serves as a framework for iterpretar certain social phenomena.
+ + + +
* * *
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L to illustration is perhaps the most charming historical period and hope, which jeopardizes the salvation of the human spirit, it was outweighed the prospect of salvation in the name of development and progress, trusting in the exacerbation in the use of reason, which through the dominant discourse (scientific empiricism) lay the foundation of truth.
If we were to define the Enlightenment, then we would say that this is only the liberation of man from his own guilt, the ability to fend for itself without help from others, which does not translate into an intellectual disability but rather a lack of courage, independence in decision-making. For Kant
laziness and cowardice are to blame for much of the men continue to ease in your state ward. http://www.geocities.com/fdomauricio/Ilustracion.htm Therefore, it seems that the Enlightenment did not want more than one thing, freedom, and the most elemental of all issues made use of his reason entirely. If we were to summarize the meaning of illustration is no more than the value of reason in the social, political, economic, a historical period (even force), surrounded by great ideals:
Equality, Justice, Confidence progress (economic), Trust in Science, Humanities, Human Rights Declaration (económicos-sociales/civiles-políticos) Freedom of conscience, Universalism, and Rationalism.
Deposited in what we call the effort of the legitimacy of science (the story of modernity), the prevailing discourse that moves the whole alternative story form. After reaching the truth, find freedom, ultimate goal of Enlightenment. The Enlightenment ideas are supported by the genesis of the next period, while the foundation of postmodernism we mean to modernity. ++++++++
If we were to define the Enlightenment, then we would say that this is only the liberation of man from his own guilt, the ability to fend for itself without help from others, which does not translate into an intellectual disability but rather a lack of courage, independence in decision-making. For Kant
laziness and cowardice are to blame for much of the men continue to ease in your state ward. http://www.geocities.com/fdomauricio/Ilustracion.htm Therefore, it seems that the Enlightenment did not want more than one thing, freedom, and the most elemental of all issues made use of his reason entirely. If we were to summarize the meaning of illustration is no more than the value of reason in the social, political, economic, a historical period (even force), surrounded by great ideals:
Equality, Justice, Confidence progress (economic), Trust in Science, Humanities, Human Rights Declaration (económicos-sociales/civiles-políticos) Freedom of conscience, Universalism, and Rationalism.
Deposited in what we call the effort of the legitimacy of science (the story of modernity), the prevailing discourse that moves the whole alternative story form. After reaching the truth, find freedom, ultimate goal of Enlightenment. The Enlightenment ideas are supported by the genesis of the next period, while the foundation of postmodernism we mean to modernity. ++++++++
http://cv.uoc.es/ ~ 991_04_005_01_web/fitxer/perc86. html http://cv.uoc.es/ ~ 991_04_005_01_web/fitxer/perc84.html
The main theoretical concepts used bipolar modernity to explain the process of evolution of societies. Durkheim provides the breakdown between mechanical solidarity - organic solidarity. For its part, the passage reveals Tönnies community to society, so the currency is a fact.
The main theoretical concepts used bipolar modernity to explain the process of evolution of societies. Durkheim provides the breakdown between mechanical solidarity - organic solidarity. For its part, the passage reveals Tönnies community to society, so the currency is a fact.
Postmodernism
Postmodernism exposes the ideas of thinkers such as Jean Francois Lyotard, Fredric Jameson, Augusto del Noce, Norbert Lechner, and Jean Baudrillard, among others. Thus, postmodernity represents a break with modern society, since it comes after modernity, which is why it is difficult to differentiate not necessarily appeal to philosophical and aesthetic sources.
Consequently, Postmodernism represents the end of modernity or the failure of the modern project. This perspective is a critical and pessimistic picture of society. Modernity is considered highly rational and rigid, while postmodernism seems more irrational and flexible. +++++
Postmodernism exposes the ideas of thinkers such as Jean Francois Lyotard, Fredric Jameson, Augusto del Noce, Norbert Lechner, and Jean Baudrillard, among others. Thus, postmodernity represents a break with modern society, since it comes after modernity, which is why it is difficult to differentiate not necessarily appeal to philosophical and aesthetic sources.
Consequently, Postmodernism represents the end of modernity or the failure of the modern project. This perspective is a critical and pessimistic picture of society. Modernity is considered highly rational and rigid, while postmodernism seems more irrational and flexible. +++++
+ + + Overall, there broad agreement among authors about the description of postmodern society, but Lyotard's exemplified in the following way: "The eclecticism of contemporary general culture: listen reggae, we see a western movie, going to lunch at McDonald and dinner a restaurant local, we Parisian perfume in Tokyo and clothes 'retro' in Hong Kong, the knowledge is a matter of game shows. It's easy to find a public for eclectic works. Destined to become kitsch popular taste, art feeds the confusion that reigns in the taste of the patterns. The artists, owners of art galleries, critics and the public swimming together in the 'anything goes' and indifference prevails in our time. " [1]
Jean Francois Lyotard in his work "The Postmodern Condition" provides a clear vision of the knowledge in today's society, according to the author, postmodern. He points out that the great emancipatory ideas are replaced by market success. Notably, "There is a 'postmodern social theory' unified, but a plurality of different postmodern theories and positions" [2] , so we find different definitions of the same phenomenon.
postmodern theory is manifested in a wide in a wide variety of fields such as art, communications, philosophy, and social relations, among others. Lyotard states that lack a theory to explain the reality and characteristics of society. The author is primarily concerned with Knowledge. For him there are two forms of knowledge, scientific and narrative. He adds that both need a legitimate in metanarratives, resuming the tradition of Wittgenstein on the relevance of language games.
These 'language games' are different in scientific knowledge and narrative. The narrative knowledge becomes important to be carried from generation to generation, coming to be regarded as the genesis of common knowledge or traditional.
and scientific accounts deny any different or alternative narrative, accepting only scientific language, which uses two different types of stories. On the one hand, philosophical discourse (the idealism of Hegel), and moreover, a political speech (the values \u200b\u200bof the French Revolution and the illustration). Of scientific knowledge is always legitimate in terms of justice, humanity, freedom, progress, development, "just know" and to be full human beings, its purpose would be to generate equality.
currently in a multiethnic society, various subcultures metanarrative function is not credible, and falls into disrepute. Precisely because it now dominates the valence pragmatic technology (Heidegger and "Science and technology ').
He adds that subsequent to the Second World War, sponsored by U.S. venture capitalists, there is loss of credibility of metanarratives (capitalism and communism), therefore, in postmodern times what prevails is a multiplicity of Micro- as opposed to a uniform language model.
So your complaint is that science does not seek, and the truth, but performativity, ie performance and efficiency. What generates a critique of the role of science in postmodern times. Coming to wonder: what good is it true?.
no longer seeks knowledge for knowledge of the wise, but there is a change of status to know, now becomes instrumental in Parsonian terms. Only useful knowledge is valued, is an exchange value, and of course, has no use value. As a result, university education is nothing more than an institution which prepares the upper and middle managers in positions no more than functional.
Knowledge is characterized in postmodern society, being capable of being stored in machine language, and processed as data, to the point that the availability of information enables the use of power. The state is miniaturized because it handles all information as opposed to multinationals. But yes, the state Science supports the kind of ongoing role in the legal and ethical legislator.
What he wants to express, Lyotard, is the unveiling of the loss of the sense of science, under pressure from the market, generating the commercialization of scientific relations losing concern to know mankind by the simple fact of knowing.
But social relations are also affected. The only social bond becomes the recognizable language game among equals. Now everything is information. The masses of actors as they break down, lose track of himself, vanishes. There would be no past, no future. Neither utopia nor history but only here and now.
In another sense, Fredric Jameson points out that postmodernism is the logic of advanced capitalism. Jameson stresses that in recent years are characterized by the end of the ideal, the arts, to social classes (or redistribution of the classes), the end of Marxism and social democracy, that is, has the final conviction everything.
From Abstract Expressionism, existentialism, and the modern school of art through the Op art, Pop art, the synthesis of classical and popular. There is talk now of the triumph of postmodernism in architecture, or rather of Design, which is presented as a commercial or mass culture that is fascinated with Kitsch. Owing to a culture of advertising and film B. ++++++++++++++++
postmodern theory is manifested in a wide in a wide variety of fields such as art, communications, philosophy, and social relations, among others. Lyotard states that lack a theory to explain the reality and characteristics of society. The author is primarily concerned with Knowledge. For him there are two forms of knowledge, scientific and narrative. He adds that both need a legitimate in metanarratives, resuming the tradition of Wittgenstein on the relevance of language games.
These 'language games' are different in scientific knowledge and narrative. The narrative knowledge becomes important to be carried from generation to generation, coming to be regarded as the genesis of common knowledge or traditional.
and scientific accounts deny any different or alternative narrative, accepting only scientific language, which uses two different types of stories. On the one hand, philosophical discourse (the idealism of Hegel), and moreover, a political speech (the values \u200b\u200bof the French Revolution and the illustration). Of scientific knowledge is always legitimate in terms of justice, humanity, freedom, progress, development, "just know" and to be full human beings, its purpose would be to generate equality.
currently in a multiethnic society, various subcultures metanarrative function is not credible, and falls into disrepute. Precisely because it now dominates the valence pragmatic technology (Heidegger and "Science and technology ').
He adds that subsequent to the Second World War, sponsored by U.S. venture capitalists, there is loss of credibility of metanarratives (capitalism and communism), therefore, in postmodern times what prevails is a multiplicity of Micro- as opposed to a uniform language model.
So your complaint is that science does not seek, and the truth, but performativity, ie performance and efficiency. What generates a critique of the role of science in postmodern times. Coming to wonder: what good is it true?.
no longer seeks knowledge for knowledge of the wise, but there is a change of status to know, now becomes instrumental in Parsonian terms. Only useful knowledge is valued, is an exchange value, and of course, has no use value. As a result, university education is nothing more than an institution which prepares the upper and middle managers in positions no more than functional.
Knowledge is characterized in postmodern society, being capable of being stored in machine language, and processed as data, to the point that the availability of information enables the use of power. The state is miniaturized because it handles all information as opposed to multinationals. But yes, the state Science supports the kind of ongoing role in the legal and ethical legislator.
What he wants to express, Lyotard, is the unveiling of the loss of the sense of science, under pressure from the market, generating the commercialization of scientific relations losing concern to know mankind by the simple fact of knowing.
But social relations are also affected. The only social bond becomes the recognizable language game among equals. Now everything is information. The masses of actors as they break down, lose track of himself, vanishes. There would be no past, no future. Neither utopia nor history but only here and now.
In another sense, Fredric Jameson points out that postmodernism is the logic of advanced capitalism. Jameson stresses that in recent years are characterized by the end of the ideal, the arts, to social classes (or redistribution of the classes), the end of Marxism and social democracy, that is, has the final conviction everything.
From Abstract Expressionism, existentialism, and the modern school of art through the Op art, Pop art, the synthesis of classical and popular. There is talk now of the triumph of postmodernism in architecture, or rather of Design, which is presented as a commercial or mass culture that is fascinated with Kitsch. Owing to a culture of advertising and film B. ++++++++++++++++
http://www.brujula.net/wiki/Kitsch
Postmodernism obey the electronic society, postindustrial society, and high technology, so in this society is no longer associated with the tenets of classical capitalism. Just as would happen in the art, now would just be a protest statement to express the commodity fetishism. The art is dark material, sexual, provocative and transgressive of everything imaginable.
postmodern art is characterized by its shallowness based on the image culture, value neutrality, and simulation. Powered by the weakening of historicity official sponsor of new technology, the deconstruction of the company, and the commodification of all objects. Therefore, in contemporary art, blandness and lack of depth give rise to a new kind of superficiality that would cause the demise of the affections, and the death of the opposition, as the essence / appearance, or signified / signifier.
Everything is replaced by multiple surface and no depth. Its consequence would be the euphoria and self-annihilation. There is a scream, only premature end and self-destruction, drugs and schizophrenia.
Jameson announcing the end of the Monad and the ego. But it also speaks of a prey of all aesthetic styles. So goes a nostalgic fashion and a taste for pastiche (patchwork), ie create a new space where all live with all in one place. In short, everything is permitted, as long as it runs in its own "square meter."
C ONCLUSION
social sciences seem to have been ill-equipped for the post-modern questions, which relate to changing points of view, fragmented, and of course, relates also to language, and problems of plurivocity their meanings. Sociology is no longer present purposes epics, but just looking for a place in the social reality to understand the sociocultural reality.
Now more than ever we need tools of analysis, interpretation that allows us to approach meaningful explanations of our historical situation. The uncontrolled expansion of new concepts has led us to ask: What is postmodernism?. Apparently we can not define it, but through its features, or as Giddens notes, calls "consequences of modernity."
The loss of confidence, lack of commitment, hopelessness, lack of homogeneous values \u200b\u200bthat maintain a balance both social and individual are perhaps the most important characteristics of the postmodern condition. It seems from this perspective that the high expectations of the Enlightenment are being subjected to various criticisms on different approaches (philosophical, communications, power, etc.), science gives us no illusions that once promised us, the truth is what changes it is the use of it.
Modernity is a fact already accepted. The economic model is the clearest example that industrial development based on the implementation of capitalism as the driving axis of social action, action that results in the use of science as a unifying language model.
So postmodernism is nothing more than a review undertaken by various sectors and thinkers to uncover the inconsistencies between the promises offered by the Enlightenment, happiness is the eternal goal or a tangible reality. Thus, in postmodern society, what happens is that the great metanarratives have no credibility, so that says there is a crisis of metanarratives.
In sum, "postmodernism has four major characteristics for the move to new synthesis in sociology. First, the rejection of the earlier search for a single large synthetic theory. Secondly, the acceptance of a range of shorter-range effort synthetic. Third, the destruction of the boundaries between disciplines and the idea that new synthesis may be guided by ideas belonging to several different disciplines. Fourth, the demystification of theoretical rhetoric, allowing sociologists freely borrow ideas from others to create synthetic theories " [3] .
Consequently, the central question before us is: What should rely metanarratives sociology to address postmodern concerns? . Ie How should I respond to postmodern concerns without the aid of metanarratives?. If they lack validity and legitimacy, in advance.
Postmodernism obey the electronic society, postindustrial society, and high technology, so in this society is no longer associated with the tenets of classical capitalism. Just as would happen in the art, now would just be a protest statement to express the commodity fetishism. The art is dark material, sexual, provocative and transgressive of everything imaginable.
postmodern art is characterized by its shallowness based on the image culture, value neutrality, and simulation. Powered by the weakening of historicity official sponsor of new technology, the deconstruction of the company, and the commodification of all objects. Therefore, in contemporary art, blandness and lack of depth give rise to a new kind of superficiality that would cause the demise of the affections, and the death of the opposition, as the essence / appearance, or signified / signifier.
Everything is replaced by multiple surface and no depth. Its consequence would be the euphoria and self-annihilation. There is a scream, only premature end and self-destruction, drugs and schizophrenia.
Jameson announcing the end of the Monad and the ego. But it also speaks of a prey of all aesthetic styles. So goes a nostalgic fashion and a taste for pastiche (patchwork), ie create a new space where all live with all in one place. In short, everything is permitted, as long as it runs in its own "square meter."
C ONCLUSION
social sciences seem to have been ill-equipped for the post-modern questions, which relate to changing points of view, fragmented, and of course, relates also to language, and problems of plurivocity their meanings. Sociology is no longer present purposes epics, but just looking for a place in the social reality to understand the sociocultural reality.
Now more than ever we need tools of analysis, interpretation that allows us to approach meaningful explanations of our historical situation. The uncontrolled expansion of new concepts has led us to ask: What is postmodernism?. Apparently we can not define it, but through its features, or as Giddens notes, calls "consequences of modernity."
The loss of confidence, lack of commitment, hopelessness, lack of homogeneous values \u200b\u200bthat maintain a balance both social and individual are perhaps the most important characteristics of the postmodern condition. It seems from this perspective that the high expectations of the Enlightenment are being subjected to various criticisms on different approaches (philosophical, communications, power, etc.), science gives us no illusions that once promised us, the truth is what changes it is the use of it.
Modernity is a fact already accepted. The economic model is the clearest example that industrial development based on the implementation of capitalism as the driving axis of social action, action that results in the use of science as a unifying language model.
So postmodernism is nothing more than a review undertaken by various sectors and thinkers to uncover the inconsistencies between the promises offered by the Enlightenment, happiness is the eternal goal or a tangible reality. Thus, in postmodern society, what happens is that the great metanarratives have no credibility, so that says there is a crisis of metanarratives.
In sum, "postmodernism has four major characteristics for the move to new synthesis in sociology. First, the rejection of the earlier search for a single large synthetic theory. Secondly, the acceptance of a range of shorter-range effort synthetic. Third, the destruction of the boundaries between disciplines and the idea that new synthesis may be guided by ideas belonging to several different disciplines. Fourth, the demystification of theoretical rhetoric, allowing sociologists freely borrow ideas from others to create synthetic theories " [3] .
Consequently, the central question before us is: What should rely metanarratives sociology to address postmodern concerns? . Ie How should I respond to postmodern concerns without the aid of metanarratives?. If they lack validity and legitimacy, in advance.
Notes
[1] Jean Francois Lyotard , "The Postmodern Condition" report on knowledge ", 4 th edition, 1989 76.
[2] Ritzer, George, "Contemporary Sociological Theory," 1993, Mc Graw Hill, p. 566.
[3] Ritzer, George, Ibid, p. 569.
[2] Ritzer, George, "Contemporary Sociological Theory," 1993, Mc Graw Hill, p. 566.
[3] Ritzer, George, Ibid, p. 569.
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